July, 2008:  The 1053 AD Prasat Preah Vihear or Preah Vihear Temple has been designated a World Heritage Site.

  • In 1053 this region was under the control of the Khmer Empire. Prasat Preah Vihear was built by Khmer Kings Suryavarman I (1002–1050) & Suryavarman II (1113–1150)   Construction began in 1037.  Preah Vihear predates Angkor Wat by 100 years.

  • The Temple occupies a cliff edge of the Dângrêk range at the southern edge of Issan's Korat Plateau, Udon Ratchatani Map.

  • During the the Angkor Period of Khmer history (802-1431) the Khmer Empire ruled much of the Indochina Peninsula region now occupied by Cambodia, Laos & Thailand.

    •   .

  • Pre-Siam, Ayutthaya (1521-1767) fought the Khmer in 1532 over this region..

  • Preah Vihear & the entire Korat (aka: Khorat) Plateau was in Siam prior to French Indochina colonial expansion in 1887 when a French colonial edict deemed it to be French

  • Thailand claims all the 'high ground' + Prasat Preah Vihear based on pre-existing sovereign borders & The Bilateral French Siamese Convention of 1904.

  • In 1907 Colonial French Indochina issued a unilateral colonial edict claiming the border to be the water shed line which includes several 100 meters of the Korat Plateau high ground.

  • Prasat Preah Vihear is only a small part of the border dispute.

  • There were 2 wars (1893 & 1940) between Siam & colonial French Indochina.

  • July, 2008:Thai Newspaper  Reports of Thai Army Rangers at the border.  A Thai Army Ranger lost his leg to a Cambodian mine.

  • August, 2008.  A second border dispute has erupted over another temple on the border,  Prasat Ta Muen Thom in Thailand's Surin Province (west of Preah Vihear).
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Preah Vihear is located on Chuor Phnum Dângrêk, the sandstone escarpment at the southern edge of Thailand's Korat Plateau.

Thailand begins at the edge of the Dângrêk cliffs with Cambodia being 500 meters (1500') below.

The Temple is clearly on the Thai Dângrêk Range Korat Plateau's high ground. 

The only access to Preah Vihear Temple from Cambodia is 1500' up the cliff .. or via Thai roads.

 

LIFE Magazine, July, 1939. "Only the canny rule of King Chulalongkorn in the late 19th Century saved Siam from being swallowed by Britain and France like the rest of Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula."

The border between Thailand and Cambodia is currently ruled the "water Shed" line not the agreed upon border determined by the French-Siamese Commission of 1904 between Siam & Colonial French Indochina.

  • ... sections of the Thai plateau high ground (500 meters (1500') above the Cambodian jungle) do gently slope to the south toward Cambodia 500m below

  • All the water ends up in the Mekong River via Thailand's Mun River or through Angkor's Tonlé Sap Lake.

    • Tourist note:  the Mun River (aka Moon River) offers white water rafting & kayaking as it rushes down the Korat Plateau near Udon.

Below is the actual 1907 French Colonial water shed survey map showing the Temple and elevations.  This survey shows the southern most edge of the Plateau to slope gently to the south .. rain water from the southern edge,1st several 100 meters, of the plateau falls 500m (1500') to the Cambodian plains below.

  • Wonder what modern GPS shows?

 

 

   

Prior to French Expansion of Colonial Indochina (1886) both Preah Vihear & Angkor Wat were both clearly in Siam.

French Indochina Colonial Expansion Map ..  by year

1886 French Map of  Colonial French Indochina

 

1886 Franch map shows both Preah Vihear & Angkor Wat in Siam.

France expanded French Indochina into what is now Cambodia & Laos in 1887.  WhenFrance expanded it's colonial Asian empire into Siamese territory Siam resisted & the 1st Franco Siamese War of 1893 resulted.

  • Siam lost some territory to the French, namely Battambong, Siam Reap ( Angkor Wat ), Champasak and Lanchang.  But Siam remained free of total European Colonial domination.

  • In 1904 a bilateral French - Siamese Commission was formed to demarcate the mutual border between French Indochina & free Siam. This bilateral 1904 Commission determined, & the parties both agreed, that the high ground &Preah Vihear Temple to be in Thailand

  • 1907 an unilateral French Colonial 'water shed line' survey determined that Preah Vihear Temple was in French Indochina and French Indochina unilaterally altered the bilateral Commission's agreement of 1904.

  • In 1907 Siam physically occupied the Preah Vihear Temple land based on the 1904 Commission agreement.

  • Since Siamese occupied Preah Vihear's high ground they ignored and did not respond to the latest arrogant unilateral French Colonial edict.

Thailand recovered the all land stolen by French Indochina by winning the Franco-Thai war 1940-1941.

  • A second war between French Indochina & Thailand was fought & this time won by Thailand. 1940 - 1941.

  • The negotiated agreements of Tokyo Accord of 1941 ended the second Franco Thai War & returned to Thailand all the land stolen by French Indochina in the 1893 war. 

  • The French agreed to return the borders to their pre colonial expansion location.

  • The land returned to Thailand by the Tokyo Accord included the Preah Vihear Temple land in addition to Battambong, Siam Reap ( Angkor Wat ), Champasak and Lanchang

Post WWII European courts over turned the bilateral agreements of the war ending Tokyo Accord .. the European courts ruled in favor of European Colonial unilateral edicts not negotiated bilateral agreements.

  • In 1962, when a Dutch court ruled French colonial water shed edicts valid, the Dutch (Holland) had colonies ruled by colonial edict.

  •  Holland had colonies ruled by colonial edict on 3 continents at the time the Dutch court ruled in favor of colonial edict.

  • European courts have twice over turned bilateral agreements between sovereign nations in favor of unilateral colonial edicts! 

  • It's not like the European Colonialists issuing colonial edicts are getting favorable treatment by fellow European Colonialists... Doh!

Water shed imperialism was used globally by French Colonialists to "dissolve via water shed" sovereign nations.

  • Example: In 1682 the French explorer La Salle claimed the entire drainage / water shed of the Mississippi River for Colonial France.. from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains.
  • European Colonialists claim the water shed for god & the queen .. that's it  .. no discussion .. what arrogant irrational insanity!
  • Colonial European water shed edicts continue to be supported by European Courts in the 21st century.

In 1682 French Water Shed Imperialism claimed the entire Mississippi River water shed for France

 

Unfortunately for the French Colonialists, Siam was far more successful in resisting Imperialism than the Sioux, the Crow or the Cheyenne nations of the American plains.
  • The first independent Thai City State, Sukhothai or "Dawn of Happiness", was established in 1238 in North Central Thailand.
  • Ayutthaya, a Thai kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767, and the Khmer Kingdom had disputes over this same territory dating to 1352. 
  • This part of Indochina was divided in several "city states" until Ayutthaya. Siam was formed after Ayutthaya was destroyed by the Mons (Burmese) in 1767. 
  • The Siamese capital was moved to Thon Buri across the Chao Praya River from today's Bangkok in 1767. Siam became Thailand in 1939.

Thailand History

.. 6000 years of contiguous cultural evolution.  Thailand is unique globally in that it was never subjected to European colonial hegemony.

LIFE Magazine July, 1939. "On June 24, 1939 the Government of Siam, the only free nation (= the only non-European colony) in Southeast Asia, changes its name to Thailand, which means 'Free Land' "

 

There are many ancient sites in Thailand .. the two Temples below are carved with elaborate images of Elephants.

Left: 13th century Wat Chedi at Sukhothai               Right: 13th century Wat Chang (elephant temple) near the Cambodian border

A day (or week!) on an Elephant Trek will provide technicolor memories of a life time

A surf Safari with boards portaged by elephants is a worthy adventure.  Note beautiful royal white elephant in the rear.

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